HTML uses the character set called the Universal Character Set (UCS), also known as UTF-8 defined in the ISO-10646 specifiation. This standard defines a repertoire of thousands of characters used by communities all over the world. This character set is equivalent to Unicode 2.0.
If you need a to use a special character, like an accented character or a currency sign, you have to use a special notation. There are two ways to use these special characters:
*fyi: very nice, but big and slow, so nice looking unicode chart: unicode-table.com
Russian,
Ukrianian iso-8859-5 / windows 1251 )NOTE: In order to 'Nest' lists (see lower-greek above), the First set of li are Not terminated </li>, then the nested li's are, then, close the the Second (nested or sub-list) /ul /ol then close the First set of /li and /ol or /ul
<ul style="list-style-image: uri('../images/dlf/real.gif'); font-size:10px;>
this th to the above image... is it there? Yep, so path is good.
** OK... here is the 'right' syntax for image: < li style="list-style-image: url('../images/dlf/real.gif'); " >
I swear... I've looked at 3 diff place at w3c.org and all three have diff syntex. No quotes, single and then double quotes... also 3 other sites, w3schools.com, css3.com and some other site found at top of search at bing.com...
Not one worked.
My above example Obviously works! F* them.... 'uri' ONLY works, sometimes if in head style or attached stylesheet. Not in inline style. for inline style use the tried and true 'url'
Table of printable Latin-1 Hex Character codes
*NOTE: W3c has Taken codes 127 - 159 away from us and has labeled them 'control codes' which they are, but because they are trying to make HTML5 and CSS3 a psudo programming language, fag ui... they took 'em
Unicode U2600 characters (pdf):
[cup'a joe?] ♨ (utf-8) - ♨ (hex - ♨)
this expand / collapse (hidden / unhidden, hide / unhide, visibility:hidden / visible, show / hide) <div> is very simple..
i put the code in my CSS Snippets page
Unicode ☡ ~ Hex (☡, ☡) conversion form: {here}
a really Good and complete character converter.. All encodings.
a couple more sites that have 'lookup' chart/form for characters by number
utf-8 - chartable.de
dev.networkerror.org , build charts to 10,000 characters
This is the most compleate list of HTML 'Named' characters I have. 'unicode', utf-8 named characters.
It was a lot of work, converting from whatwg, unicode jason file to usable html table... phew...
noun: A symbol, such as a stylized figure or arrow on a public sign, that imparts information nonverbally.
emoticon [смайлы (smiles)] :
e·mo·ti·con (ĭ-mō'tĭ-kŏn')
noun: A sideways facial glyph used in e-mail to indicate an emotion or attitude, as to indicate intended humor [ :-) ].
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8">
for Character Set definitions see these tables these sets are used in the html (php, xml) page 'head' > <meta> definitions:
*New : ♪ Musical Notes..♫
Special 'extended' characters
~ from 160 (nbsp) to 255 with html 'names'
| Decimal | Character | Example | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
|   | | no-break space | |
| ¡ | ¡ | ¡ | inverted exclamation mark |
| ¢ | ¢ | ¢ | cent sign |
| £ | £ | £ | pound sign |
| ¤ | ¤ | ¤ | currency sign |
| ¥ | ¥ | ¥ | yen sign = yuan sign |
| ¦ | ¦ | ¦ | broken bar = brolen vertical bar |
| § | § | § | section sign |
| ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | diaeresis = spacing diaeresis |
| © | © | © | copyright sign |
| ª | ª | ª | feminine ordinal indicator |
| « | « | « | left-pointing double angle quotation mark = left pointing guillemet |
| ¬ | ¬ | ¬ | not sign = discretionary hyphen |
| ­ | ­ | (non-printable) | soft hyphen = discretionary hyphen |
| ® | ® | ® | registered sign = registered trade mark sign |
| ™ | ™ | trade mark sign | |
| ¯ | ¯ | ¯ | macron = spacing macron = overline = APL overbar |
| ° | ° | ° | degree sign |
| ± | ± | ± | plus-minus sign = plus-or-minus sign |
| ² | ² | ² | superscript two = superscript digit two = squared |
| ³ | ³ | ³ | superscript three = superscript digit three = cubed |
| ´ | ´ | ´ | acute accent = spacing acute |
| µ | µ | µ | micro sign |
| ¶ | ¶ | ¶ | pilcrow sign = paragraph sign |
| · | · | · | middle dot = Georgian comma = Greek middle dot |
| ¸ | ç | ¸ | cedilla = spacing cedilla |
| ¹ | ¹ | ¹ | superscript one = superscript digit one |
| º | º | º | masculine ordinal indicator |
| » | » | » | right-pointing double angle quotation mark = right pointing guillemet |
| ¼ | ¼ | ¼ | vulgar fraction one quarter = fraction one quarter |
| ½ | ½ | ½ | vulgar fraction one half = fraction one half |
| ¾ | ¾ | ¾ | vulgar fraction three quarters = fraction three quarters |
| ¿ | ¿ | ¿ | inverted question mark = turned question mark |
| À | À | À | latin capital letter A with grave = latin capital letter A grave |
| Á | Á | Á | latin capital letter A with acute |
| Â | Â | Â | latin capital letter A with circumflex |
| Ã | Ã | Ã | latin capital letter A with tilde |
| Ä | Ä | Ä | latin capital letter A with diaeresis |
| Å | Å | Å | latin capital letter A with ring above = latin capital letter A ring |
| Æ | Æ | Æ | latin capital letter AE = latin capital ligature AE |
| Ç | Ç | Ç | latin capital letter C with cedilla |
| È | È | È | latin capital letter E with grave |
| É | É | É | latin capital letter E with acute |
| Ê | Ê | Ê | latin capital letter E with circumflex |
| Ë | Ë | Ë | latin capital letter E with diaeresis |
| Ì | Ì | Ì | latin capital letter I with grave |
| Í | Í | Í | latin capital letter I with acute |
| Î | Î | Î | latin capital letter I with circumflex |
| Ï | Ï | Ï | latin capital letter I with diaeresis |
| Ð | Ð | Ð | latin capital letter ETH |
| Ñ | Ñ | Ñ | latin capital letter N with tilde |
| Ò | Ò | Ò | latin capital letter O with grave |
| Ó | Ó | Ó | latin capital letter O with acute |
| Ô | Ô | Ô | latin capital letter O with circumflex |
| Õ | Õ | Õ | latin capital letter O with tilde |
| Ö | Ö | Ö | latin capital letter O with diaeresis |
| × | × | × | multiplication sign |
| Ø | Ø | Ø | latin capital letter O with stroke = latin capital letter O slash |
| Ù | Ù | Ù | latin capital letter U with grave |
| Ú | Ú | Ú | latin capital letter U with acute |
| Û | Û | Û | latin capital letter U with circumflex |
| Ü | Ü | Ü | latin capital letter U with diaeresis |
| Ý | Ý | Ý | latin capital letter Y with acute |
| Þ | Þ | Þ | latin capital letter THORN |
| ß | ß | ß | latin small letter sharp s = ess-zed |
| à | à | à | latin small letter a with grave = latin small letter a grave |
| á | á | á | latin small letter a with acute |
| â | â | â | latin small letter a with circumflex |
| ã | ã | ã | latin small letter a with tilde |
| ä | ä | ä | latin small letter a with diaeresis |
| å | å | å | latin small letter a with ring above = latin small letter a ring |
| æ | æ | æ | latin small letter ae = latin small ligature ae |
| ç | ç | ç | latin small letter c with cedilla |
| è | è | è | latin small letter e with grave |
| é | é | é | latin small letter e with acute |
| ê | ê | ê | latin small letter e with circumflex |
| ë | ë | ë | latin small letter e with diaeresis |
| ì | ì | ì | latin small letter i with grave |
| í | í | í | latin small letter i with acute |
| î | î | î | latin small letter i with circumflex |
| ï | ï | ï | latin small letter i with diaeresis |
| ð | ð | ð | latin small letter eth |
| ñ | ñ | ñ | latin small letter n with tilde |
| ò | ò | ò | latin small letter o with grave |
| ó | ó | ó | latin small letter o with acute |
| ô | ô | ô | latin small letter o with circumflex |
| õ | õ | õ | latin small letter o with tilde |
| ö | ö | ö | latin small letter o with diaeresis |
| ÷ | ÷ | ÷ | division sign |
| ø | ø | ø | latin small letter o with stroke = latin small letter o slash |
| ù | ù | ù | latin small letter u with grave |
| ú | ú | ú | latin small letter u with acute |
| û | û | û | latin small letter u with circumflex |
| ü | ü | ü | latin small letter u with diaeresis |
| ý | ý | ý | latin small letter y with acute |
| þ | þ | þ | latin small letter thorn with |
| ÿ | ÿ | ÿ | latin small letter y with diaeresis |
The character entity references in this section produce characters that may be represented by glyphs in the widely available Adobe Symbol font, including Greek characters, various bracketing symbols, and a selection of mathematical operators such as gradient, product, and summation symbols.
Note from HTML 4.0 : This entity set contains all the letters used in modern Greek. However, it does not include Greek punctuation, precomposed accented characters nor the non-spacing accents (tonos, dialytika) required to compose them. There are no archaic letters, Coptic-unique letters, or precomposed letters for Polytonic Greek. The entities defined here are not intended for the representation of modern Greek text and would not be an efficient representation; rather, they are intended for occasional Greek letters used in technical and mathematical works.
| Decimal | Character | Example | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| ƒ | ƒ | latin small f with hook = function = florin | |
| Α | Α | Α | greek capital letter alpha |
| Β | Β | Β | greek capital letter beta |
| Γ | Γ | Γ | greek capital letter gamma |
| Δ | Δ | Δ | greek capital letter delta |
| Ε | Ε | Ε | greek capital letter epsilon |
| Ζ | Ζ | Ζ | greek capital letter zeta |
| Η | Η | Η | greek capital letter eta |
| Θ | Θ | Θ | greek capital letter theta |
| Ι | Ι | Ι | greek capital letter iota |
| Κ | Κ | Κ | greek capital letter kappa |
| Λ | Λ | Λ | greek capital letter lambda |
| Μ | Μ | Μ | greek capital letter mu |
| Ν | Ν | Ν | greek capital letter nu |
| Ξ | Ξ | Ξ | greek capital letter xi |
| Ο | Ο | Ο | greek capital letter omicron |
| Π | Π | Π | greek capital letter pi |
| Ρ | Ρ | Ρ | greek capital letter rho |
| Σ | Σ | Σ | greek capital letter sigma |
| Τ | Τ | Τ | greek capital letter tau |
| Υ | Υ | Υ | greek capital letter upsilon |
| Φ | Φ | Φ | greek capital letter phi |
| Χ | Χ | Χ | greek capital letter chi |
| Ψ | Ψ | Ψ | greek capital letter psi |
| Ω | Ω | Ω | greek capital letter omega |
| α | α | α | greek small letter alpha |
| β | β | β | greek small letter beta |
| γ | γ | γ | greek small letter gamma |
| δ | δ | δ | greek small letter delta |
| ε | ε | ε | greek small letter epsilon |
| ζ | ζ | ζ | greek small letter zeta |
| η | η | η | greek small letter eta |
| θ | θ | θ | greek small letter theta |
| ι | ι | ι | greek small letter iota |
| κ | κ | κ | greek small letter kappa |
| λ | λ | λ | greek small letter lambda |
| μ | μ | μ | greek small letter mu |
| ν | ν | ν | greek small letter nu |
| ξ | ξ | ξ | greek small letter xi |
| ο | ο | ο | greek small letter omicron |
| π | π | π | greek small letter pi |
| ρ | ρ | ρ | greek small letter rho |
| ς | ς | ς | greek small letter final sigma |
| σ | σ | σ | greek small letter sigma |
| τ | τ | τ | greek small letter tau |
| υ | υ | υ | greek small letter upsilon |
| φ | φ | φ | greek small letter phi |
| χ | χ | χ | greek small letter chi |
| ψ | ψ | ψ | greek small letter psi |
| ω | ω | ω | greek small letter omega |
| ϑ | ϑ | ϑ | greek small letter theta symbol |
| ϒ | ϒ | ϒ | greek upsilon with hook symbol |
| ϖ | ϖ | ϖ | greek pi symbol |
| - 8xxx characters - | |||
| • | • | • | bullet = black small circle |
| … | … | … | horizontal ellipsis = three dot leader |
| ′ | ′ | ′ | prime = minutes = feet |
| ″ | ″ | ″ | double prime = seconds = inches |
| ‾ | ‾ | ‾ | overline = spacing overscore |
| ⁄ | ⁄ | ⁄ | fraction slash |
| ℘ | ℘ | ℘ | script capital P = power set = Weierstrass p |
| ℑ | ℑ | ℑ | blackletter capital I = imaginary part |
| ℜ | ℜ | ℜ | blackletter capital R = real part symbol |
| ™ | ™ | ™ | trade mark sign |
| ℵ | ℵ | ℵ | alef symbol = first transfinite cardinal |
| ← | ← | ← | leftwards arrow |
| ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | upwards arrow |
| → | → | → | rightwards arrow |
| ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | downwards arrow |
| ↔ | ↔ | ↔ | left right arrow |
| ↵ | ↵ | ↵ | downwards arrow w/ corner leftwards 'carriage return' |
| ⇐ | ⇐ | ⇐ | leftwards double arrow |
| ⇑ | ⇑ | ⇑ | upwards double arrow |
| ⇒ | ⇒ | ⇒ | rightwards double arrow |
| ⇓ | ⇓ | ⇓ | downwards double arrow |
| ⇔ | ⇔ | ⇔ | left right double arrow |
| ∀ | ∀ | ∀ | for all |
| ∂ | ∂ | ∂ | partial differential |
| ∃ | ∃ | ∃ | there exists |
| ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | empty set = null set = diameter |
| ∇ | ∇ | ∇ | nabla = backward difference |
| ∈ | ∈ | ∈ | element of |
| ∉ | ∉ | ∉ | not an element of |
| ∋ | ∋ | ∋ | contains as member |
| ∏ | ∏ | ∏ | n-ary product = product sign |
| ∑ | ∑ | ∑ | n-ary sumation |
| − | − | − | minus sign |
| ∗ | ∗ | ∗ | asterisk operator |
| √ | √ | √ | square root = radical sign |
| ∝ | ∝ | ∝ | proportional to |
| ∞ | ∞ | ∞ | infinity |
| ∠ | ∠ | ∠ | angle |
| ∧ | ∧ | ∧ | logical and = wedge |
| ∨ | ∨ | ∨ | logical or = vee |
| ∩ | ∩ | ∩ | intersection = cap |
| ∪ | ∪ | ∪ | union = cup |
| ∫ | ∫ | ∫ | integral |
| ∴ | ∴ | ∴ | therefore - 'stack' of 3 dots used in title, this page |
| ∼ | ∼ | ∼ | tilde operator = varies with = similar to |
| ≅ | ≅ | ≅ | approximately equal to |
| ≈ | ≈ | ≈ | almost equal to = asymptotic to |
| ≠ | ≠ | ≠ | not equal to |
| ≡ | ≡ | ≡ | identical to |
| ≤ | ≤ | ≤ | less-than or equal to |
| ≥ | ≥ | ≥ | greater-than or equal to |
| ⊂ | ⊂ | ⊂ | subset of |
| ⊃ | ⊃ | ⊃ | superset of |
| ⊄ | ⊄ | ⊄ | not a subset of |
| ⊆ | ⊆ | ⊆ | subset of or equal to |
| ⊇ | ⊇ | ⊇ | superset of or equal to |
| ⊕ | ⊕ | ⊕ | circled plus = direct sum |
| ⊗ | ⊗ | ⊗ | circled times = vector product |
| ⊥ | ⊥ | ⊥ | up tack = orthogonal to = perpendicular |
| ⋅ | ⋅ | ⋅ | dot operator |
| ⌈ | ⌈ | ⌈ | left ceiling = apl upstile |
| ⌉ | ⌉ | ⌉ | right ceiling |
| ⌊ | ⌊ | ⌊ | left floor = apl downstile |
| ⌋ | ⌋ | ⌋ | right floor |
| 〈 | ⟨ | 〈 | left-pointing angle bracket = bra |
| 〉 | ⟩ | 〉 | right-pointing angle bracket = ket |
| ◊ | ◊ | ◊ | lozenge |
| ♠ | ♠ | ♠ | black spade suit |
| ♣ | ♣ | ♣ | black club suit = shamrock |
| ♥ | ♥ | ♥ | black heart suit = valentine |
| ♦ | ♦ | ♦ | black diamond suit |
The character entity references in this section are for escaping markup-significant characters, for denoting spaces and dashes. Other characters in this section apply to internationalization issues such as the disambiguation of bidirectional text.
| Decimal | Character | Example | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| " | " | quotation mark = APL quote | |
| & | & | & | ampersand |
| < | < | < | less-than sign |
| > | > | > | greater-than sign |
| Œ | Œ | latin capital ligature OE | |
| œ | œ | latin small ligature oe | |
| Š | Š | latin capital letter S with caron | |
| š | š | latin small letter s with caron | |
| Ÿ | Ÿ | latin capital letter Y with diaeresis | |
| ˆ | ˆ | ˆ | modifier letter circumflex accent |
| ˜ | ˜ | ˜ | small tilde |
|   |   | (non-printable) | en space (½ the space of the text size (font size)) |
|   |   | (non-printable) | em space (a space equal to the text size (font size)) |
|   |   | (non-printable) | thin space |
| ‌ | ‌ | (non-printable) | zero width non-joiner |
| ‍ | ‍ | (non-printable) | zero width joiner |
| ‎ | ‎ | (non-printable) | left-to-right mark |
| ‏ | ‏ | (non-printable) | right-to-left mark |
| – | – | – | en dash |
| — | — | — | em dash |
| ‘ | ‘ | ‘ | left single quotation mark |
| ’ | ’ | ’ | right single quotation mark |
| ‚ | ‚ | ‚ | single low-9 quotation mark |
| “ | “ | “ | left double quotation mark |
| ” | ” | ” | right double quotation mark |
| „ | „ | „ | double low-9 quotation mark |
| † | † | † | dagger |
| ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | double dagger |
| ‰ | ‰ | ‰ | per mille sign |
| ‹ | ‹ | ‹ | single left-pointing angle quotation mark |
| › | › | › | single right-pointing angle quotation mark |
| € | € | € | euro sign |
08.06.11:
Add 'musical notes' to the 'special characters section... you have a rough draft txt doc in ? /Language {programing}/css/ I think.. Landis
*note: how i made this 'post-it' and Much more on it and about it, margins, borders, shadows, position, radius, transparentcy
even rotation can be found on my css tips page
Character Set Encoding Definitions:
these are the sets used in the head > meta section of 'web documents'.
these sets are used in the html (php, xml) page 'head' > <meta> definitions:
examples:
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8">
(utf-x are universal unicode set)
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1">
(iso-8859-x are international region specific sets)
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=windows-1259-1>
(windows-1259-x are Microsucks Windows specific sets)
These are character sets specific to Windows. They are similar, but not equal, to the ISO 8859 character sets. While ISO 8859 character sets do not specify characters in the 128..159 range, the Windows character sets do. Characters in the 0..127 range are identical to US-ASCII. Most but not all of the character assignments in the 160..255 range are the same as in ISO 8859.
| Number | Name |
|---|---|
| 1250 | Latin 2 |
| 1251 | Cyrillic |
| 1252 | Latin 1 |
| 1253 | Greek |
| 1254 | Latin 5 |
| 1255 | Hebrew |
| 1256 | Arabic |
| 1257 | Baltic |
| 1258 | Viet Nam |
| 874 | Thai |
Every XML document or external parsed entity or external DTD must begin with an XML or text declaration like this:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1" ?>
In the encoding attribute, you must declare the character set you will use for the rest of the document. You should use the IANA/MIME-Code from the table above.
In the head of an HTML document you should declare the character set you use for the document:
you Must declare the document type Before the head. the only thing that can be, before this is server side includes such a php or asp. list of Doc Types at W3C and list of encoding, CharSet at W3C
example: <?php include '../header.html'; ?>
for HTML5 which as of 04.2013 is not completely implemented, but it's what I have been writting to, updating 2,200 pages on this site alone, sucks!
<!DocType HTML>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
( that's it! ) (fyi, this is the Only thing that the duh's at w3c have made 'easier', cleaner in html5 and css3).
*note: i personally put the character encodeing declaration Above the 'Title' tag so i can use utf-8 (unicode) in the title. if you look at my title, you'll see things like '☡' i use as Landis2 and ♨ as well as Русский, Russian Cyrillic character, none of which would be posible without utf-8 being declaired first. hence the old method of using &#characters... just sayin'
these days, because of the way i 'include' my head elements in a header page then call it into pages with
<?php ' '; ?> code, the 'Title' tag come long after the charset. the common head elements are in header0x.html and are included into page0x.php, and each page0x.php needs it's own 'Title'.. blah, blah...
for HTML 4 / 4.1
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"><html> <head>
My prefered Character Set is UTF-8, a collection of Unicode character sets which make it more 'internationalized' vs windows or iso's 'reginal' 125x sets
for windows crap, which will mess up pages written in a utf-8 editor
<head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252"> ... </head><body>
Without this declaration (and, BTW, without an additional DOCTYPE declaration), the W3C Validator will not be able to validate your HTML document.
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) maintains a list of character sets and codes for them. This list is:
IANA-CHARSETS Official Names for Character Sets, http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets
preceding 3 tables by: Stefan Heymann. Last Update 2009-07-05
one or more tables are Copyright © 1996 - 1999 Rob Schlüter, schluter@knoware.nl (last updated 1998/12/13) Remainder and Majority is copyright© Landis Reed ☡ MMXIIthis is code from the original 1992 C+ coding of UTF-8... why i've included it here:
i was reading through the code and it took me a few looks to 'convince myself' the Tx's are all the same size..
just found it interesting, like one of those pieces of 'art' that mess with your eyes using perspective... that's it..